Biophysical agents may include the following:

• Biofeedback
• Compression therapies
  • Compression bandaging
  • Taping
  • Total contact casting
  • Vasopneumatic compression devices
• Cryotherapy
  • Cold packs
  • Ice massage
  • Vapocoolant spray
• Electrical stimulation (muscle and nerve)
  • Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS)
  • Electrical stimulation for tissue repair (ESTR)
  • Functional electrical stimulation (FES)
  • Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)
  • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
• Mechanical devices
  • Continuous passive motion (CPM)
  • Traction devices
• Sound agents
  • Phonophoresis
  • Ultrasound
• Thermotherapy
  • Dry heat
  • Hot packs
  • Paraffin baths